3^rd Global Summit on Earth Science and Climate Change September 26-27, 2022 Lisbon, Portugal

Soil pollution is defined as the presence of toxic chemicals (pollutants or contaminants) in soil, in high enough concentrations to pose a risk to human health and/or the ecosystem. In the case of contaminants which occur naturally in soil, even when their levels are not high enough to pose a risk, soil pollution is still said to occur if the levels of the contaminants in soil exceed the levels that should naturally be present.

The focus of the Marine Geoscience Group has been the understanding of waves, currents and sediment transport and their effects on beaches and nearshore including modelling of coastal processes of the west coast of India. The activities include setting up of high-resolution numerical models capable of simulating coastal ocean dynamics and boundary exchanges, establishing video based Coastal Monitoring network and investigating on evolution of Alleppey Terrace and its impact on shelf economic mineral deposits.

The national network project on Submarine Groundwater Discharge, to quantify the amount of fresh groundwater discharge to Bay of Bengal as well as to Arabian Sea through coastal aquifers, also forms a major activity under this subtheme of NCESS. The program on SGD is implemented by NCESS with the participation of twelve agencies in the country using different methods of remote sensing, hydrogeological, hydrochemical, isotopic and modelling techniques.

Mitigating climate change is about reducing the release of greenhouse gas emissions that are warming our planet. Mitigation strategies include retrofitting buildings to make them more energy efficient; adopting renewable energy sources like solar, wind and small hydro; helping cities develop more sustainable transport such as bus rapid transit, electric vehicles, and biofuels; and promoting more sustainable uses of land and forests. 

About 1.4 billion people around the world rely on traditional fuels like coal and wood to meet their basic energy needs. This is not only harmful to the environment; it can also lead to premature deaths for millions of people, especially women and children. By 2035, global energy demand is projected to grow by more than 50 percent, and even faster in developing countries. All these new consumers need clean energy that will not hurt them or the environment. 

Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review remains one of the most cited sources in marine science and oceanography. The ever increasing interest in work in oceanography and marine biology and its relevance to global environmental issues, especially global climate change and its impacts, creates a demand for authoritative reviews summarizing the results of recent research. For more than 50 years, OMBAR has been an essential reference for research workers and students in all fields of marine science. From Volume 57 a new international Editorial Board ensures global relevance, with editors from the UK, Ireland, Canada, Australia and Singapore. The series volumes find a place in the libraries of not only marine laboratories and institutes, but also universities. Recent Impact Factors include: Volume 53, 4.545. Volume 54, 7.000. Volume 55, 5.071.

If you are interested in submitting a review for consideration for publication in OMBAR, please email the Editor in Chief, Stephen Hawkins, at S.J.Hawkins@soton.ac.uk. 

Open Access options are available to authors in this series. OA makes published academic research freely and permanently available online for anyone, anywhere. OA publications are downloaded seven times more often, cited 50% more, and mentioned online 10 times more often.  Upon publication, OA content is made available in digital format to read and download under a Creative Commons license. See https://www.routledge.com/our-products/open-access-books/taylor-francis-oa-books for more information and Frequently Asked Questions with respect to these options.

The Hydrology and Water Resources Programme (HWRP) promotes the effective use of hydrology in sustainable development to reduce the risk and impacts of water-related disasters and to support effective environmental management at international, regional, national and basin levels.

The Programme strengthens the capabilities of Members, particularly those in developing countries or countries in transition, through technology transfer and capacity development. The Hydrology and Water Resources Programme supports Members by assisting them to develop their capacities in:

·         measuring basic hydrological elements from networks of hydrological and meteorological stations;

·         collecting, processing, storing, retrieving and publishing hydrological data, including surface water and groundwater;

·         providing data and information for use by planners and water managers;

·         managing extremes, particularly through integrated flood and drought management;

Soil science is the study of soil as a natural resource on the surface of the Earth including soil formation, classification and mapping; physical, chemical, biological, and fertility properties of soils; and these properties in relation to the use and management of soils.^[1]

Sometimes terms which refer to branches of soil science, such as pedology (formation, chemistry, morphology, and classification of soil) and edaphology (how soils interact with living things, especially plants), are used as if synonymous with soil science. The diversity of names associated with this discipline is related to the various associations concerned. Indeed, engineers, agronomists, chemists, geologists, physical geographers, ecologists, biologists, microbiologists, silviculturists, sanitarians, archaeologists, and specialists 

Green energy is any energy type that is generated from natural resources, such as sunlight, wind or water. It often comes from renewable energy sources although there are some differences between renewable and green energy, which we will explore, below.

The key with these energy resources are that they don’t harm the environment through factors such as releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

Agriculture & Food Security is a peer-reviewed open access journal that addresses the challenge of global food security. It publishes articles within the field of food security research, with a particular focus on research that may inform more sustainable agriculture and food systems that better address local, regional, national and/or global food and nutritional insecurity. The journal considers cutting-edge contributions across the breadth of relevant academic disciplines, including agricultural, ecological, environmental, nutritional, and socio-economic sciences, public health and policy.

The scope of the journal includes, but is not limited to:

·                     Agricultural and environmental sciences, including genetics and systems ecology

·                     Animal husbandry, fisheries science and plant science

·                     Global change, biodiversity, climatology and abiotic stresses

·                     Food technology and balancing agricultural outputs across food, feed, fibre and fuel

Earth science is the study of the Earth's structure, properties, processes, and four and a half billion years of biotic evolution.  Understanding these phenomena is essential to maintenance of life on the planet.  The expanding world population demands more resources; faces increasing losses from natural hazards; and releases more pollutants to the air, water, and land.   Sustaining our existence requires scientific understanding of the natural materials and processes linking the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere.  Life prospers or fails at the surface of the Earth where these environments intersect.

Environmental engineering is a professional engineering discipline that encompasses broad scientific topics like chemistry, biology, ecology, geology, hydraulics, hydrology, microbiology, and mathematics to create solutions that will protect and also improve the health of living organisms and improve the quality of the environment.^[1][2] Environmental engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering and chemical engineering.

Environmental engineering is the application of scientific and engineering principles to improve and maintain the environment to:

·         protect human health,

·         protect nature's beneficial ecosystems,                                                                                                    ·         and improve environmental-related enhancement of the quality of human life

A warming planet is a major challenge for sustainability. Human activities that contribute to climate change are, by definition, not sustainable, as they alter the very planet we depend on for all our needs. But climate change also makes it harder to find sustainable solutions to other problem.

 By Matthew McGarva - Indexed Content Coordinator, 2007. Original article from Inspec Matters issue no.72 - December 1992 by Steve Whittall - Senior Information Scientist.

Energy is a vital part of everyday modern life. The global demand for energy is increasing rapidly, particularly in the developing world; the energy consumption within the fast-growing economies of India and China is projected to double by the year 2030.

The scientific evidence for climate change, caused by the build-up of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, continues to strengthen. The vast majority of global emissions, approximately 70%, are caused by the way we produce and use our energy.

In order to tackle climate change renewable and alternative energy resources, which are carbon neutral or carbon-free, are going to play a significant role in future energy production.  Renewables also offer an increasingly economically competitive and secure alternative to fossil fuels.

Hydroelectric power, one of the first renewable energy resources to be used by mankind, still plays a prominent role in power production, particularly in mountainous areas.

Wind power has progressed from the simple windmill used to grind corn, to very sophisticated wind turbine systems producing electricity for national power grids.  Increasingly wind power farms are being located offshore to ameliorate noise pollution, effects on local wildlife and protect landscape aesthetics.

Fossil fuels are not the only way to generate electricity. Cleaner technologies such as renewable energy coupled with energy storage and improved energy efficiency can support a more sustainable energy system with zero carbon emissions.

• 
  Burning fossil fuels accounted for 74 percent of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions in 2019.


• 
  The fossil fuel industry receives at least $20 billion in direct federal subsidies.


• 
  In 2020, renewable energy accounted for about 20 percent of U.S. electricity generation, and that share is expected to continue to grow.

Natural hazards are naturally occurring physical phenomena. They can be:                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Geophysical: a hazard originating from solid earth (such as earthquakes, landslides and volcanic activity                                                                                                                                                                             Hydrological: caused by the occurrence, movement and distribution of water on earth (such as floods and avalanches                                                                                                                                                                   Climatological: relating to the climate (such as droughts and wildfires                                   Meteorological: relating to weather conditions (such as cyclones and storms                                       Biological: caused by exposure to living organisms and their toxic substances or diseases they may carry (such as disease epidemics and insect/animal plagues)

Man-made and technological hazards are events that are caused by humans and occur in or close to human settlements. They include complex emergencies, conflicts, industrial accidents, transport accidents, environmental degradation and pollution.

pollution control, in environmental engineering, any of a variety of means employed to limit damage done to the environment by the discharge of harmful substances and energies. Specific means of pollution control might include refuse disposal systems such as sanitary landfills, emission control systems for automobiles, sedimentation tanks in sewerage systems, the electrostatic precipitation of impurities from industrial gas, or the practice of recycling. For full treatment of major areas of pollution control, see air pollution control, wastewater treatment, solid-waste management, and hazardous-waste management.

Atmospheric chemistry is the study of the components of planetary atmospheres, particularly that of the Earth. It specifically looks at the composition of planetary atmospheres and the reactions and interactions that drive these dynamic and diverse systems. The topic encompasses lab-based studies, field measurements and also their modelling.Atmospheric chemistry is a branch of atmospheric science in which the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets is studied. It is a multidisciplinary approach of research and draws on environmental chemistry, physics, meteorology, computer modeling, oceanography, geology and volcanology and other disciplines. Research is increasingly connected with other areas of study such as climatology.

Climate change is already causing widespread disruption in every region in the world with just 1.1 degrees C (2 degrees F) of warmin. Withering droughts, extreme heat and record floods already threaten food security and livelihoods for millions of people. Since 2008, devastating floods and storms have forced more than 20 million people from their homes each year. Since 1961, crop productivity growth in Africa shrunk by a third due to climate change.Today, half the global population faces water insecurity at least one month per year. Wildfires are scorching larger areas than ever before in many regions, leading to irreversible changes to the landscape. Higher temperatures are also enabling the spread of vector-borne diseases, such as West Nile virus, Lyme disease and malaria, as well as water-borne diseases like cholera